![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Quantumeffect.jpg\")
<\/p>\nN\u00f3i chung, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ed9t c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1\u03bcm l\u00e0 b\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn. B\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eafn ban \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u00f4 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 quang h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec7t, x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u0129 m\u00f4 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u00ean trong, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u00ean trong ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng xung quanh. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng gian n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1eb1m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 h\u00fat \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao h\u01a1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c Fermi kim lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c sang r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Theo thuy\u1ebft v\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn, c\u00e1c electron d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ec3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng khai n\u00e0y, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a electron trong tinh th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. D\u1ea3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n
M\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i. Khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en do s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1n x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n si\u00eau m\u1ecbn c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi l\u0169y th\u1eeba b\u1eadc 4 c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1edfi b\u1ee5i trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi trong xanh.<\/p>\n
Dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng xanh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee5c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn trong dung d\u1ecbch t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i nano b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Khi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch, t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a b\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u1eaft t\u1eeb v\u00e0o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t, t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, khi \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u00f4men t\u1eeb trong m\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1eeb h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t d\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 l\u1edbp chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00e1ch t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t s\u1eaft t\u1eeb, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u1eeb h\u00f3a v\u0129 m\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung t\u00ednh t\u1eeb. \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vect\u01a1 mi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb trong mi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb n\u00f3i chung ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1ea1ng d\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n B\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn t\u1eeb t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. L\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ghi t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 \u03b3-Fe2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, FeCo kim lo\u1ea1i, CrO2<\/sub>\u00a0<\/sub>, Tix<\/sub>COx<\/sub>O19<\/sub>\u00a0<\/sub>, BaFe12<\/sub>-2x, Fe4<\/sub>N\u00a0v\u00e0 Co-\u03b3-Fe2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>. L\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9t ferit nano kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 Fe3<\/sub>O4<\/sub>\u00a0<\/sub>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nano s\u1eaft, niken, coban v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/p>\n Do k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9t nano v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang l\u1edbn, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bt\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u0103ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. Khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c d\u1ecb th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi tinh ch\u1ebf h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4 t\u0103ng khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn nano kim lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 paladi, \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea1c, niken, selen, v.v., \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng vi m\u00f4 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u00f4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean kim lo\u1ea1i, khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn nano<\/p>\n Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 nano. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano-ceramic c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gia c\u00f4ng, gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ebbo.<\/p>\n C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb tr\u1edf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t do t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t hay m\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb tr\u1edf l\u1edbn, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp t\u1eeb t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ef1 do trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn spin, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00cdt ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a spin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ef1 do trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb v\u00e0i nanomet \u0111\u1ebfn 100 nm, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb tr\u1edf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy m\u00f4 nano.<\/p>\n Trong dung d\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c huy\u1ec1n ph\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t tan, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao sang v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown.<\/p>\n H\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c nhau ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau. L\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 trong l\u1edbp ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang l\u1edbn, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n L\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean, khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ban \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u01b0u bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n h\u1ea1t hay ch\u1ea5t keo trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 \u03bcm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n Ngu\u1ed3n b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: China Powder Network<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" N\u00f3i chung, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ed9t c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1\u03bcm l\u00e0 b\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn. B\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u1ecbn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eafn ban \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u00f4 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 quang h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec7t, x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":109175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[852],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-109209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cong-nghiep-tin-tuc-vi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109209","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109209"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109209\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/109175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109209"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109209"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109209"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Electric.jpg\")
<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nT\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/h4>\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t<\/h4>\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/h4>\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/NanoAtomicArrangement.jpg\")
<\/p>\nThu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb t\u00ednh<\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/resistance-300x180.jpg\")
<\/p>\nThu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h4>\n
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