{"id":117673,"date":"2022-07-16T10:28:35","date_gmt":"2022-07-16T02:28:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/117673\/"},"modified":"2022-07-12T14:36:39","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T06:36:39","slug":"3-loai-vat-lieu-khoang-chong-chay-pho-bien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/117673\/","title":{"rendered":"3 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (hydroxit, cacbonat, sunfat, v.v.), kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf. Than ch\u00ec, v.v.<\/p>\n

1. Ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y kho\u00e1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c hydroxit kim lo\u1ea1i, cacbonat, sunfat, v.v. l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau: ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y thu nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (100-300 \u00b0 C) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng h\u01a1n 25% H2O ho\u1eb7c CO2 theo ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ed1t; ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u phong ph\u00fa, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh r\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ecfa ra do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y polyme v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 trong ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c (v\u00e0) CO2 sinh ra t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lo\u00e3ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 oxy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a polyme, gi\u1ea3m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 ng\u0103n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e1y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c; oxit kim lo\u1ea1i sinh ra t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp bao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch ly kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7n ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda lan r\u1ed9ng. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y g\u1ed1c halogen v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1t pho, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y, c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, cho th\u1ea5y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

2. Ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y kho\u00e1ng nanoclay<\/p>\n

Kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c polyme \u1edf k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nano, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m nano c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf, h\u01a1i d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t polyme theo h\u01b0\u1edbng hai chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m pha ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a polyme. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng hai chi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y pha kh\u00ed v\u1edbi pha ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a polyme. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nano c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed polyme, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do khi b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

3. Ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y graphite c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n

Graphit c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (EG) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t xen gi\u1eefa graphit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi graphit v\u1ea3y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Graphit c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m, oxoacit oxy h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh, v.v. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, kh\u00ed h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 200 \u00b0 C, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 900 \u00b0 C. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 280 l\u1ea7n, graphit m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea3y sang h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng “con s\u00e2u” m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cacbon h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00e9o, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cacbon h\u00f3a l\u1edbp kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i ra v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch oxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a polyme, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb7n chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y. C\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

EG t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. L\u1edbp carbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 khung x\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a halogen m\u1edbi, EG c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p khi ch\u00e1y, r\u1ea5t \u00edt m\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00edt kh\u00f3i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a halogen, \u00edt kh\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y. EG s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (hydroxit, cacbonat, sunfat, v.v.), kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf. Than ch\u00ec, v.v.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":117649,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[852],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-117673","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cong-nghiep-tin-tuc-vi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117673"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117673"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117673\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/117649"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117673"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=117673"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117673"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}