{"id":126109,"date":"2023-03-13T10:17:45","date_gmt":"2023-03-13T02:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/126109\/"},"modified":"2023-03-13T10:17:46","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T02:17:46","slug":"phuong-phap-bien-tinh-huu-co-cua-khoang-set","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/126109\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh r\u1ebb, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i cation cao.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 kaolinite, montmorillonite<\/a>, illite v\u00e0 bentonit \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m anion trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m anion, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cation v\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t, l\u00e0m cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, polyme v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean k\u1ebft silan, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc sang k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 organoclay v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

1. Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bao g\u1ed3m hai nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ly c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc trong dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cation, ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t anion v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ion. V\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

(1) Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cation<\/p>\n

C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cation \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cation h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cation thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c cation v\u00f4 c\u01a1 (nh\u01b0 Na+, Ca2+,\u2026) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

(2) Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t anion<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t anion l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t anion kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c h\u00fat t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t anion tr\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro.<\/p>\n

(3) Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p cation v\u00e0 anion<\/p>\n

(4) Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Gemini<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Gemini (ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1edd h\u01a1n) bao g\u1ed3m hai chu\u1ed7i carbon alkyl k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00f3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3n ion. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cation amoni b\u1eadc b\u1ed1n alkyl truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gemini th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

(5) Ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ion<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ion kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n ly trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m este, nh\u00f3m cacboxyl v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m hydroxyl, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hydroxyl tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ion c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cation v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

2. Polyme<\/p>\n

Polyme c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion v\u00e0 gh\u00e9p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c polyme \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t do c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hydroxyl tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa polyme v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u1ebfu, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pH.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 gh\u00e9p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c polyme l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c polyme v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c polyme li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t. Kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt s\u00e9t bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt s\u00e9t bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

3. Ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh silane<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft silan, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 organosilan, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m alkylene chu\u1ed7i ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft silan l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m silan d\u1ec5 th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hydroxyl v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hydroxyl tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb Si-O-Si ho\u1eb7c Si-O-Al \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t s\u00e9t. b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u00e9t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite v\u00e0 bentonit \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m anion trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":126072,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[852],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-126109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cong-nghiep-tin-tuc-vi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126109"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126109\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/126072"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=126109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=126109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}